Compare the after-tax future value of a Roth IRA (after-tax contributions) vs a Traditional 401(k) (pre-tax contributions with tax on withdrawal).
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After-tax contributions, tax-free growth and withdrawals.$0
Pre-tax contributions, taxed on withdrawal.Roth = Contribution × (1 - CurrentTaxRate) × (1 + Return)^Years. Traditional = Contribution × (1 + Return)^Years × (1 - FutureTaxRate).